Organisms need food, water and oxygen for survival. So They function to transport substances and together form the circulatory system. They required to transport all these to various parts of their body.

Animals need to transport wastes product to parts from where they can be removed.

They function to transport substances and together form the circulatory system.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

·         Blood is the connective tissue. which flows in blood vessels. It transports substances like digested food from the small intestine to the other parts of the body and also waste material/toxin up to liver .

·         It carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body. It also transports waste for removal from the body.

·         Blood is made up of a fluid known as  plasma in which different types of cells are suspended.

·         One kind  of cells are the red blood cells (RBC) which contain a red pigment called hemoglobin.

·         Hemoglobin binds with oxygen molecules and transports it to all the parts of the body and ultimately to all the cells.

·         It will be very difficult to provide oxygen efficiently to all the cells of the body without hemoglobin.

·         The presence of hemoglobin makes blood looks  red.

·         The blood also contains white blood cells (WBC) which fight against germs that may enter our body.

·         Blood clots  because of the presence of another type of cells in the blood, called platelets.

BLOOD VESSEL

·         The blood picks up the waste materials including carbon dioxide from the cells. This blood return back to the heart for transport to the lungs for removal of carbon dioxide.

·         There are two kind of blood vessels called arteries and veins.

·         Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to all parts of the body.

·     The blood flow is rapid and at a high pressure, the arteries have thick elastic walls.

·         When blood flows through arteries, it gives throbbing sensation in arteries. This throbbing sensation is called as a pulse.

·         The number of times the sensation is felt in a minute is called as pulse rate.

·         A  person, usually has a pulse rate between 72 and 80 beats per minute when at rest.

·         Veins are the vessels that carry carbon dioxide-rich blood from all parts of the body back to the heart.

·         The veins have thin walls.

·          Valves present in veins which allow blood to flow only towards the heart.

·         When vein reaches the tissues, they divide further into very thin tubes called capillaries.

·         The capillaries join to form veins which empty into the heart

HEART:-

·         The heart is an muscular organ  which beats continuously to act as a pump for the transport of blood.

·         The heart is situated  in the chest cavity with its lower tip slightly tilted towards the left.

·         The heart has four chambers they are called:- Atria(singular: atrium) and Ventricle. Then they divide into four parts called right and left atrium, right and left ventricle.

HERATBEAT:-

·         The walls of the chambers of the heart are made up of muscles. These muscles contract and relax rhythmically. This rhythmic contraction  & relaxation constitute a heartbeat.

·         The doctor feels your heartbeats with the help of an instrument known  as stethoscope.

·         A doctor uses the stethoscope to amplify the sound of the heart.

·         It made up of a chest piece that carries a sensitive diaphragm, two ear pieces and a tube joining the parts.

EXCRETION IN ANIMALS

·         Excretion the process of removal of wastes produced in the cells of the living       organisms  .

·         The parts involved in excretion process form excretory system.

·         The kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra are organ of  the excretory system.

·         Excretion process is done by the blood capillaries in the kidneys.

·         When the blood reaches the two kidneys, it carries both useful and harmful substances.

·         The useful substances are absorbed back into the blood &    wastes dissolved in water are removed as urine.  

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·          The urine goes into the urinary bladder  from the kidneys, through tube-like ureters.

·         Urine is stored in the bladder and is passed out through the urinary opening at the end of a muscular tube called urethra.

·         An adult human  normally passes about 1–1.8 L of urine in 24 hours

·         The urine composed of 95% water, 2.5% urea and 2.5% other waste products.

·         The sweat contains water and salts.

·         When we release sweat, it helps to cool our body.

·         Water kept inside an earthen pot (matka) is cooler, this is because the water evaporates from the pores of the pot, which causes cooling.

TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES IN PLANTS:-

·         Plants take water and mineral and nutrients from the soil through the roots and transport it to the leaves.

·         The leaves prepare food for the plant, using water and carbon dioxide during by the process photosynthesis in presence of sunlight.

·         Food is the source of energy and every cell of an organism gets energy by the breakdown of glucose.

·         The cells use this energy to carry out vital activities of life.

·          Therefore food must be made available to every cell of an organism.

Transport of water and minerals

·         Plant absorbs water and minerals by the roots. The roots have root hair.

·         The root hair increases the surface area of the root for the absorption of water and mineral nutrients dissolved in water.

·         The root hair is in contact with the water present between the soil particles.

·         Plants have pipe-like vessels to transport water and nutrients from the soil.

·         The vessels are made of special cells, forming the vascular tissue.

·         A tissue is a group of cells that perform specialized function in an organism.

·         The vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients in the plant is called the xylem.

·         The xylem forms a continuous network of channels that connects roots to the leaves through the stem and branches and thus transports water to the entire plant.

·         Leaves synthesize food. The food has to be transported to all parts of the plant. This is done by the vascular tissue called the phloem.

Transpiration

·        Plants absorb mineral nutrients and water from the soil.  all the water absorbed by plant is not utilized by the plant some water evaporates through the stomata present on the surface of the leaves by the process of transpiration.

·         The evaporation of water from leaves develops a suction pull which can pull water to great heights in the tall trees.

·         Transpiration also keep cool the plant.